A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study where participants had to modulate their cravings for food showed that cognitive regulation affects decision-making through valuation regulation and behavioral control ( Hutcherson et al., 2012). While cognitive regulation of emotional response has been extensively studied ( Ochsner et al., 2004 Delgado et al., 2008 Wager et al., 2008), few works have detailed cognitive regulation of decision-making. This cognitive regulation process may be defined as processing information, applying knowledge and changing preferences to consciously modulate our decisions. Cognition can also influence choices through modulation of the decision-making processes. Social competition, cooperation, and concerns for the well-being of others also influence decision-making ( Fehr and Camerer, 2007). Individuals often place higher values on immediate rewards rather than on future ones ( Rangel et al., 2008). Humans have a natural aversion to risky or uncertain choices and place less value on actions with temporal uncertain rewards or multiple sets of outcomes ( Christopoulos et al., 2009 McGuire and Kable, 2012). Values assigned to actions during the valuation process can be influenced by different factors such as the degree of risk or uncertainty of the action ( Platt and Huettel, 2008 Rangel et al., 2008). An accumulator system receives and accumulates the value signals from the comparator system until the signal for one of the actions is sufficiently strong for the choice to be executed ( Gold and Shadlen, 2007 Basten et al., 2010). A comparator system needs to evaluate the action values. First, a valuation system computes the action values. Different interacting systems are responsible for the valuation and action selection processes in the brain ( Rangel et al., 2008). This process is carried out whenever a person chooses from different alternatives (e.g., choosing between eating an apple or an orange, or between going out or not). Value-based decision-making is the ability to make a choice from competing courses of action/alternatives based on subjective values and possible outcomes attributed to them ( Balleine, 2005). Importantly, our results need further validation with larger sample sizes. Our outcomes revealed that chronic stress impacts decision-making after cognitive regulation of craving by reducing the valuation of food rewards but not cognitive modulation itself. Nevertheless, we did not find neural and behavioral differences during cognitive regulation of craving. We found that stressed participants placed lower bids to get the reward and chose less frequently higher bid values for food. Herein, we used a functional magnetic resonance imaging task where fourteen control and fifteen chronically stressed students had to cognitively upregulate or downregulate their craving before placing a bid to obtain food. Thus, we hypothesize that chronic stress may disrupt the ability to regulate choices. In addition, the brain regions responsible for decision-making are sensitive to stress-induced changes. Stress may influence emotional behavior, cognition, and decision-making. While cognitive regulation of emotions has been extensively studied in psychiatry, few works have detailed cognitive regulation of decision-making. This cognitive regulation is defined as processing information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences to consciously modulate decisions. 3Clinical Academic Center – Braga, Braga, PortugalĬognition can influence choices by modulation of decision-making processes.2ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.1Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.Sónia Ferreira 1,2†, Carlos Veiga 1,2†, Pedro Moreira 1,2, Ricardo Magalhães 1,2, Ana Coelho 1,2, Paulo Marques 1,2, Carlos Portugal-Nunes 1,2, Nuno Sousa 1,2,3 and Pedro Morgado 1,2,3*
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